distinguished guests

* * *

अनध्यायः अनध्ययनम् [न. त.] Not studying, inter- mission of study; the time when there is or ought to be such intermission, a holiday (˚दिवसः); अद्य शिष्टानध्यायः U.4 a holiday (given) in honour of distinguished guests. See Ms.2.15-6;4.13-4;15-8;117-8, 126 &c.

lautĭa (in Plutarch lauteia, Quaest. Rom. 45; old form: dautia quae lautia dicimus et dantur legatis hospitii gratia, Paul. ex Fest. p. 68 Müll.), ōrum, n. [lautus, v. lavo fin. ], the entertainment furnished in Rome to foreign ambassadors or distinguished guests at the expense of the state.

Lit.:

locus inde lautiaque legatis praeberi jussa,

Liv. 28, 39, 19; 30, 17, 14; 33, 24, 5; 35, 23, 11; 42, 6, 11; 42, 19, 6.—

Transf. (post-class.), App. M. 9, p. 221, 39:

equum illum hospitium, ac loca lautia mihi praebiturum,

id. ib. 3, p. 140, 33; Sid. Ep. 8, 12 fin.; Serv. Verg. A. 8, 361.

- early guest

- welcome guests

(-s, -ir), m.

1) guest;

2) a royal retainer of inferior rank.

* * *

m., gen. gests; pl. gestir, acc. gesti; [Ulf. gasts = ξένος; A. S. gest; Engl. guest; Germ. gast; Dan. gjæst; Swed. gäst; Lat. hostis]:

I. a guest; the original meaning of this word is a stranger, alien, cp. Lat. hostis.

β. the Guests, one division of the king’s men; the Guests were a kind of policemen, and had not the full privileges of the king’s guardsmen or hirðmenn, although they were in the king’s pay; they had their own seats in the king’s hall, the guests’ bench, gesta-bekkr, m., Fb. i. 347; their own chief, gesta-höfðingi, a, m., Nj. 7, Hkr. ii. 69, Fms. vii. 35; their own banner, gesta-merki, n., Fms. ix. 489; their own meeting, gesta-stefna, u, f., Fms. viii. 250; they formed a separate body, gesta-sveit, f., Fas. i. 318; skulu þar fylgja hirðmenn ok gestir, Ó. H. 204, in the battle at Stiklastað: a guests’ hall, gesta-skáli, a, m., is mentioned in Eg. 28, Fas. ii. 93: a ship, gesta-skip ( gesta-fley), n., Fms. viii. 139; cp. the Sagas passim, esp. the Konunga Sögur, Fms. x. 147, Hkr. passim, but esp. N. G. L. in the section Hirðs-skrá, or the law ( rules) for the king’s men, and Sks. 257 sqq. As the gestir were lower in rank than the hirðmenn, a recruit had often to serve his apprenticeship among them, e. g. var hann í gestasæti, he was seated among the guests, i. e. was held in small repute, Fas. i. 51.

II. a stranger, guest, Lat. hospes, but keeping the old notion of a stranger, prop. an accidental guest, chance comer, and is distinguished from boðs-maðr, an invited guest, or the like; hence the allit. phrase, gestr ok gangandi, a guest and ganger, since with the ancients the poor had to go from house to house (cp. gangleri); this is to be borne in mind, if one would understand old sayings such as, Guð elr gesti, God feeds guests, Bs. i. 247; or many passages in the old heathen poem Hávamál, e. g. órir gestr við gest, guest quarrels with guest, Hm. 31; gestr at gest hæðinn, guest mocking guest, 30, which reminds one of Hom. Od. xviii. 1–33; gest þú né geyja né á grind hrekir (scoff not at a guest, nor drive him to the door), get þú váluðum vel, Hm. 136, where gestr ( a guest) and válaðr ( a vagrant) are used synonymously; ganga skal, skala gestr vera æ í einum stað, 34. In olden times there were no public hostelries, and all entertainment was (as it still is in Icel.) private bounty; a fine instance of a munificent hostess of the heathen age is recorded in Landn.,—Geirríðr sparði ekki mat við menn, ok lét göra skála sinn of þjóðbraut þvera, hón sat á stóli ok laðaði úti gesti, en borð stóð inni jafnan ok matr á, 2. 13. After the introduction of Christianity, when churches were built and endowments given, the donors often imposed the duty of ‘feeding guest and ganger for a night’ (ala gest ok ganganda), Dipl. i. 169, 174; or, þar er ekki gesta eldi skylt ( it is not required to feed guests), ala hvern at ósekju er vill, 200; ala þurfa-menn ok þá er fara skylda-erinda, 201, cp. 273 passim:—gener. a visitor, guest: gesta-eldi, n. shelter for guests, D. I. (vide above): gesta-fluga, u, f. a guest-fly, a moth, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 558: gesta-herbergi, n. a ‘guest-harbour,’ hostel, inn, Gr. καταλύμα, Luke ii. 7: gesta-hús, n. a guest-room, Sturl. i. 216, ii. 191: gesta-koma, u, f., gesta-nauð, n. a coming, crowding of guests: gesta-maðr, m. a guest-man (bishops had a special servant so called), Bs. i. 850, 876: gesta-rúm, n. a guest-bed: gesta-skáli, a, m. a guest-chamber, Hom. 36: gesta-spjót, n. pl., a cat is said to raise the ‘guest-spears’ when it lies on its back and cleans itself with its hind legs, which is a token that a stranger is at hand, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 558.

III. as pr. names, Landn., freq.; also in compds, Þor-gestr, Heim-gestr, Goð-gestr, Hleva-gastir on the Golden horn (Bugge’s reading), and Gr. Ξενο-φών, Ξενο-φάνης. Gestr is a name of Odin = the Traveller, Edda, Vþm., Gm., Hervar. S. ch. 15 (Gestum-blindi). It is curious to notice that whereas with the Romans hostis came to mean a foe, with the Teutons (as with the Gr. ξένος) the equivalent word became a term of friendship, used of a friend staying at one’s house.

- host guests

- entertain guests

- marshal guests at table

- guests of note

- foreign guests

- esteemed foreign guests

- guest list

- distinguished guest

- important guest

- salute to the guest of honour

- guest house

- invited guest

- guest of special importance

- alternate guest

abs

1) can you count?' ты умеешь считать?; I don't, know how many stamps I have, I did not count я не знаю, сколько у меня марок, [я] не считал

2) usually in the negative to count иметь значение, быть существенным; the details don't count детали не имеют значения; it does not count а) это не имеет значения; б) это не считается /не идет в счет, не берется в расчет/: every little bit (every penny, every extra vote, etc.) counts важна /имеет значение/ каждая мелочь и т. д.; I'm in a great hurry, every minute counts я очень спешу, мне дорога каждая минута; once does not count одни раз не считается; it is not how much you read but what you read that counts важно не сколько ты читаешь, а что [ты читаешь]

1) count books (pages, the number of words in a dictionary, towels, mistakes made in an exercise, votes, the number of people, the wounded, the dead, etc.) считать /подсчитывать, пересчитывать/ книги и т. д.; don't forget to count your change не забудьте проверить сдачу; count the cost (one's losses) подсчитывать расходы (потери); count twenty сосчитайте до двадцати; he counted my pulse он сосчитал мой пульс

2) I didn't count the baby я не учел /не принял в расчет, не посчитал/ ребенка; let's not count that game пусть эта игра не считается; there are fifteen people here, counting the guests (the children, the members, etc.) здесь пятнадцать человек вместе с гостями и т. д. /считая и гостей и т. д/;: the bill is five dollars not counting the tax этот счет на пять долларов плюс налог

1) be counted in same manner they could be easily counted их легко было пересчитать /сосчитать/; be counted on smth. they could be counted on the fingers of one hand [всех] их можно было пересчитать по пальцам одной руки

2) be counted to smth. it must be counted to his credit это следует отнести к его достоинствам; be counted among smb., smth. she was counted among the greatest dancers of the century (among the best novelists of her time, among his best friends, etc.) она считалась одной из величайших балерин века ц т. д.

3) be counted upon his support can be counted upon на его поддержку можно рассчитывать /полагаться/

1) count from smth. count from Monday (from tomorrow, from today, etc.) вести счет с понедельника и т. д.; the third door, counting from the comer третья дверь от угла; count to smth. count to ten (to a hundred, etc.) считать до десяти и т. д.; count from smth. to smth. count from one to ten (from one to twenty, from one to a hundred, etc.) считать от одного до десяти и т. д.

2) count (up)on smb., smth. count upon him (upon others for help, on your advice, on your cooperation, on his protection, on smb.'s promise, on the support of the group, on an increase in my salary, on fine weather for a picnic, etc.) рассчитывать /надеяться/ на него и т. д.; you must not count upon me не рассчитывайте на меня

3) count for (above) smth. count for little or nothing (for very little, for a great deal, for much in business, etc.) почти не играть никакой роли и т. д.; knowledge without common sense counts for little при отсутствии здравого смысла знания немногого стоят; honesty counts for much in business в деловых отношениях важна честность; in this work thoroughness counts above quickness в этой работе тщательность важнее /значит больше, больше ценится/, чем быстрота; count against smth., smb. it counts against the value of the fur это снижает ценность меха; I hope it will not count against me я надеюсь, что вы не поставите это мне в вину; lack of experience counted against him его минусом был недостаток опыта; his age will count against him он не подойдет по возрасту; count with smb. money (honesty, etc.) counts with him more than anything для него самое важное деньги и т. д.

4) count among smth., smb. this book counts among the best of his works (among his major works, among his lesser efforts, etc.) эта книга принадлежит к его лучшим работам и т. д.; the river counts among the largest in the world эту реку относят к числу самых больших в мире; he counts among my best friends я считаю его одним из своих лучших друзей

1) count smb., smth. by smth. count books by the tens (eggs by the dozen, cattle by heads, etc.) считать книги десятками и т. д.; count smth. on smth. count marbles (sticks, etc.) on the fingers считать /пересчитывать/ шарики и г. д. на пальцах; count one's luggage on arrival по прибытии пересчитать багаж; count smth. into smth. count apples (eggs, nuts, etc.) into the dish (into the bag, etc.) отсчитывать яблоки и т. д. в тарелку и т. д.; count smth. with smth. count days (weeks, months, etc.) with impatience (with irritation, with sadness, etc.) с нетерпением и т. д. считать /отсчитывать/ дни и т. д.

2) count smb. among smb. count him among one's friends (Tolstoy among the greatest writers. Dickens among the masters of our literature, etc.) относить его к числу своих друзей и т. d., признавать его своим другом и т. д.; this society counts among its members many of our leading citizens (some distinguished personages, etc.) это общество насчитывает среди своих членов много наших видных деятелей и т. д.; count smth. against smb. count his lack of knowledge (his inexperience, etc.) against him считать невежество и т. д. его недостатком; count smth. of smth. count one's life of no importance не ставить свой жизнь ни во что, не дорожить жизнью

1. гость

2. постоялец ( в гостинице)

3. примета, предвещающая гостей

4. биол. паразит

1. гостевой

2. приглашённый; гастролирующий

1. принимать как гостя

2. редк. быть гостем; гостить

नृ [नी-ऋन् डिच्च; cf. Uṇ.2.11.] (Nom. sing. ना, gen. pl. नृणाम् or नॄणाम्)

1 A man, a person whether male or female; Ms.3.81;4.61;7.61; नॄन् प्रशंसत्यजस्रं यो घण्टाताडोरुणोदये 1.33.

-2 Mankind.

-3 A piece at chess.

-4 The pin of a sun-dial.

-5 A masculine word; संधिर्ना विग्रहो यानम् Ak.

-6 A leader.

-Comp. -अस्थि- मालिन् m. an epithet of Śiva.

-कपालम् man's skull.

-कलेवरः a dead human body.

-कारः manly deed, heroism.

-केसरिन् m. 'man-lion', Viṣṇu in his Nara- simha incarnation; cf. नरसिंह.

-चक्षस् a. Ved.

1 seeing or observing men.

-2 leading or guiding men; अस्तभ्नात् सिन्धुमर्णवं नृचक्षाः Rv.3.53.9. (-m.)

1 a god.

-2 a demon, goblin.

-जग्ध a. a man-eater;......नृजग्धो माल्यधारयः Bk.5.38.

-जलम् human urine.

-दुर्गः a fort protected by army on all sides; Ms.7.7.

-देवः a king.

-धर्मन् m. an epithet of Kubera.

- नमन a. to be saluted by men (as gods).

-पः [नॄन् पाति रक्षति, पा-क] a ruler of men, king, sovereign; चतुर्योजनपर्यन्तमधिकारो नृपस्य च Brav. P. (श्रीकृष्णजन्मखण्डे). ˚अंशः

1 royal por- tion of revenue, i. e. a sixth, eighth &c. part of grain; काले नृपाशं विहितं ददद्भिः Bk.2.14.

-2 a prince. ˚अङ्गनम् (णम्) a royal court. ˚अध्वरः N. of a sacrifice (Rājasūya) performed by an emperor or lord para- mount, in which all the offices are performed by tributary princes. ˚आत्मजः a prince, crown-prince. ˚आभीरम्, ˚मानम् music played at the royal meals. ˚आमयः consumption. ˚आसनम् 'royal-seat', a throne, the chair of state. ˚गृहम् a royal palace. ˚द्रुमः N. of some trees (Mār. बाहवा, रांजणी). ˚नीतिः f. politics, royal policy, state-craft; वेश्याङगनेव नृपनीतिरनेकरूपा Bh.2.47. ˚प्रियः the mango tree. ˚लक्ष्मन् n., लिङ्गम् a royal symbol, an emblem of royalty, any one of the royal insignia; particularly, the white umbrella. ˚लिङ्गधर a.

1 assuming the insignia of royalty.

-2 assuming the royal insignia (as a disguise). ˚वल्लभः

1 the friend or favourite of a king.

-2 a kind of mango. (

-भा) a queen. ˚शासनम् a royal grant or edict. ˚संश्रय a. seeking the protection of a king. ˚सुता the musk-rat. ˚सभम्, सभा an assembly of kings.

-पः, -पतिः, -पालः 1 a king; जाताभिषङ्गो नृपतिः R.2.3; विद्वत्वं च नृपत्वं च नैव तुल्यं कदाचन Subhāṣ.

-2 N. of Kubera.

-3 Kṣatriya. ˚पथः a royal or main road. ˚संश्रयः

1 royal support; नृपसंश्रयमिष्यते जनैः Pt.

-2 service of princes.

-पशुः 1 a beast in the form of a man, a brute of a man; वचस्पस्याकर्ण्य श्रवणसुभगं पण्डितपतेरधुन्वन् मूर्धानं नृपशुरथवायं पशुपतिः Bv.4.38.

-2 a man serving as a sacrificial victim.

-पाय्यम् a large edifice, hall.

-पीतिः f. Ved. protection of men.

-मिथुनम् the sign Gemini (twins) of the zodiac.

-मेध a human sacrifice.

-यज्ञः 'the sacrifice to be offered to men', hospitality, reception of guests (one of the five daily Yajñas; see पञ्चयज्ञ).

-युग्मम् = नृमिथुन q. v.

-लोकः the world of mortals, the earth.

-वराहः Viṣṇu in the boar-incarnation.

-वाहनः an epithet of Kubera.

-वाह्यम् a palanquin.

-वेष्टनः N. of Śiva.

-शंस a. A vile and cruel man; इतरेषु तु शिष्टेषु नृशंसानृतवादिनम् Ms.

-शृङ्गम् 'man's horn'; i. e. an impossibility.

-सदनम् (नृषदनम्) the hall of sacrifice.

-सद् (षद्) m. the Supreme Being. -f. intellect (बुद्धि); सुरेतसादः पुनराविश्य चष्टे हंसं गृध्राणं नृषदिं गिरामिमः Bhāg. 5.8.14; -a. sitting or dwelling among men.

-सिंहः, हरिः 1 'a lion-like man' a chief among men, an eminent or distinguished man.

-2 Viṣṇu in his fourth incarnation; अस्त्राण्यमोघमहिमानि निरूपितानि नो पस्पृशुर्नृहरिदास- मिवासुराणि Bhāg.1.15.16; cf. नरसिंह.

-3 a particular mode of sexual enjoyment. ˚चतुर्दशी fourteenth day of the bright half of Vaiśākha. ˚द्वादशी the twelfth day of the light half of Phālguna. ˚पुराणम् N. of an उपपुराण.

-सेनम्, -सेना an army of men.

-सोमः an illustrious man, great man; सोमोद्भवाया सरितो नृसोमः R.5.59.

hôte [ot]

1. masculine noun

(qui reçoit) host

2. masculine noun, feminine noun

( = invité) guest

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

+1! hôte ne se traduit pas toujours par host.

* * *

nom masculin

1) ( personne qui invite) host

2) ( résident) ( personne) occupant; ( animal) inhabitant

3) Biologie host

1) ( personne invitée) guest

2) ( d'appartement) occupant; ( d'hôtel) guest

* * *

1. nmf

1) (= invité) guest

2) (= client) patron

3) (= animaux) [forêt, des étangs] inhabitant

2. nm

1) BIOLOGIE host

2) INFORMATIQUE (ordinateur hôte) host

(qui invite) host

* * *

hôte

A nm

1 ( personne qui invite) host;

2 ( résident) ( personne) occupant; ( animal) inhabitant;

3 Biol host.

B nmf

1 ( personne invitée) guest;

2 ( d'appartement) occupant; ( d'hôtel) guest.

hôte de marque distinguished guest; hôte de passage temporary guest; hôte payant Tourisme paying guest.

, hôtesse [ot, otɛs] nom masculin, nom féminin

(soutenu) [personne qui reçoit] host ( feminine hostess)

————————

nom masculin

1. [invité] guest

[client dans un hôtel] patron, guest

2. (littéraire) [habitant]

3. BIOLOGIE host

4. INFORMATIQUE host (computer)

————————

hôtesse nom féminin

[responsable de l'accueil - dans un hôtel] receptionist ; [ - dans une exposition] hostess

hôtesse de l'air air hostess (UK), stewardess

(pl. hundruð), n. hundred; tírœtt h. = 100; tólfrœtt h. = 120; hundruðum, by (in) hundreds; as value, one hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal; h. frítt, a hundred paid in cattle; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark-striped wadmal; hundrað silfrs, ? the silver value of 120 ells (= 20 ounces).

* * *

n. pl. hundruð; the form hund- (q. v.) only occurs in a few old compd words: [Goth. hunda, pl.; A. S. hund; O. H. G. hunt; the extended form in Hel. and old Frank, hundered; Germ. hundert; Dan. hundrede; Swed. hundra; the inflexive syllable is prob. akin to - ræðr in átt-ræðr]:—a hundred; the Scandinavians of the heathen time (and perhaps also all Teutonic people) seem to have known only a duo-decimal hundred (= 12 × 10 or 120); at that time 100 was expressed by tíu-tíu, cp. Ulf. taihun-taihund = ten-teen; Pal Vídalín says,—hundrað tólfrætt er sannlega frá heiðni til vor komið, en hið tíræða er líkast að Norðrlönd hafi ekki vitað af fyrr en Kristni kom hér og með henni lærdómr þeirrar aldar, Skýr. s. v. Hundrað (fine): but with the introduction of Christianity came in the decimal hundred, the two being distinguished by adjectives,—tólfrætt hundrað = 120, and tírætt hundrað = 100. But still the old popular duodecimal system continued in almost all matters concerned with economical or civil life, in all law phrases, in trade, exchange, property, value, or the like, and the decimal only in ecclesiastical or scholastic matters (chronology, e. g. Íb. ch. 1, 10). At the same time the word in speech and writing was commonly used without any specification of tírætt or tólfrætt, for, as Pal Vídalín remarks, every one acquainted with the language knew which was meant in each case; even at the present time an Icel. farmer counts his flocks and a fisherman his share (hlutr) by the duodecimal system; and everybody knows that a herd or share of one hundred and a half means 120 + 60 = 180. In old writers the popular way of counting is now and then used even in chronology and in computation, e. g. when Ari Frode (Íb. ch. 4) states that the year consists of three hundred and four days (meaning 364); the census of franklins given by the same writer (where the phrase is hundruð heil = whole or full hundreds) is doubtless reckoned by duodecimal, not decimal hundreds, Íb. ch. 10; and in the census of priests and churches taken by bishop Paul (about A. D. 1200) ‘tíræð’ is expressively added, lest duodecimal hundreds should be understood, Bs. i. 136. The Landn. (at end) contains a statement (from Ari?) that Iceland continued pagan for about a hundred years, i. e. from about 874–997 A. D. In the preface to Ólafs S., Snorri states that two duodecimal hundreds (tvau hundruð tólfræð) elapsed from the first colonisation of Iceland before historical writing began (i. e. from about A. D. 874–1115): levies of ships and troops are in the laws and Sagas counted by duodecimal hundreds, e. g. the body-guard of king Olave consisted of a hundred hirð-men, sixty house-carles and sixty guests, in all ‘two hundred’ men, i. e. 240, Mork. 126; the sons of earl Strút-Harald had a hundred men, of whom eighty were billetted out and forty returned, Fms. xi. 88, 89; hálft hundrað, a half hundred = sixty, Mork. l. c.

2. a division of troops = 120; hundraðs-flokkr, Fms. vi. (in a verse).

II. in indef. sense, hundreds, a host, countless number, see hund-, as also in the adverb, phrase, hundruðum, by hundreds (indefinitely), Fms. vi. 407, Þiðr. 275, 524: in mod. usage as adjective and indecl., except the pl. in -uð, thus hundruð ásauðum, Dipl. iv. 10.

B. As value, a hundred, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal, and then simply value to that amount (as a pound sterling in English). All property, real as well as personal, is even at present in Icel. taxed by hundreds; thus an estate is a ‘twenty, sixty, hundred’ estate; a franklin gives his tithable property as amounting to so and so many hundreds. As for the absolute value of a hundred, a few statements are sufficient, thus e. g. a milch cow, or six ewes with lambs, counts for a hundred, and a hundrað and a kúgildi (cow’s value) are equal: the charge for the alimentation of a pauper for twelve months was in the law (Jb. 165) fixed to four hundred and a half for a male person, but three hundred and a half for a female; cp. also the phrase, það er ekki hundrað í hættunni, there is no hundred at stake, no great risk! In olden times a double standard was used,—the wool or wadmal standard, called hundrað talið = a hundred by tale, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells as stated above, and a silver standard, called hundrað vegit, a hundred by weight, or hundrað silfrs, a hundred in silver, amounting to two marks and a half = twenty ounces = sixty örtugar; but how the name hundred came to be applied to it is not certain, unless half an örtug was taken as the unit. It is probable that originally both standards were identical, which is denoted by the phrase, sex álna eyrir, six ells to an ounce, or a hundred and twenty ells equal to twenty ounces (i. e. wadmal and silver at par); but according as the silver coinage was debased, the phrases varied between nine, ten, eleven, twelve ells to an ounce (N. G. L. i. 80, 81, 387, 390, passim), which denote bad silver; whereas the phrase ‘three ells to an ounce’ (þriggja álna eyrir, Sturl. i. 163, passim, or a hundred in wadmal equal to half a hundred in silver) must refer either to a double ell or to silver twice as pure: the passage in Grág. i. 500 is somewhat obscure, as also Rd. 233: the words vegin, silfrs, or talin are often added, but in most cases no specification is given, and the context must shew which of the two standards is there meant; the wool standard is the usual one, but in cases of weregild the silver standard seems always to be understood; thus a single weregild (the fine for a man’s life) was one hundred, Njála passim.

2. the phrases, hundrað frítt, a hundred paid in cattle, Finnb. 236; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark striped wadmal, Nj. 225; hundrað í búsgögnum ok í húsbúningi, Vm. 65; hundraðs-gripr, hestr, hross, kapall, hvíla, sæng, rekkja, psaltari, etc., a beast, a horse, a bed, etc., of a hundred’s value, Am. 2, 10, Vm. 25, 39, 60, 153, Jm. 3, 30; hundraðs-úmagi, a person whose maintenance costs a hundred, Vm. 156; hundraðs virði, a hundred’s value, 68. For references see the Sagas and laws passim, and for more information see Mr. Dasent’s Essay in Burnt Njal.

C. A hundred, a political division which in olden times was common to all Teut. nations, but is most freq. in old Swedish laws, where several hundreds made a hérað or shire; cp. the A. S. and Engl. hundred, Du Cange hundredum; old Germ. hunderti, see Grimm’s Rechts Alterthümer; the centum pagi of Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. ch. 1, is probably the Roman writer’s misconception of the Teut. division of land into hundreds; this is also the case with Tacit. Germ. ch. 12: cp. the Swed. local names Fjaðrunda-land, Áttundaland, and Tíunda-land, qs. Fjaðr-hunda land, Átthunda land, Tíhunda land, i. e. a combination of four, eight, ten hundreds. The original meaning was probably a community of a hundred and twenty franklins or captains. This division is not found in Icel.